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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="SQL#Standardization_history" title="SQL">SQL language revisions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

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<p><b>SQL:2023</b> or <b><a href="ISO_9075" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9075">ISO/IEC 9075:2023</a></b> (under the general title "Information technology – Database languages – SQL") is the ninth edition of the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (1987) and <a href="ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> (1986) standard for the <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> <a href="Query_language" title="Query language">query language</a>. It was formally adopted in June 2023.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_features">New features</h2></div>

<p>SQL:2023 includes new and updated features.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes can be grouped into three main areas:

</p>

<ul><li>Property graph queries, a <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph</a> query language built on top of SQL

<ul><li>The new part 16, “Property Graph Queries (<a href="SQL/PGQ_Property_Graph_Query" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/PGQ Property Graph Query">SQL/PGQ</a>)”,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been added to the SQL standard.</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>New features related to <a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<li>Enhanced JSON data type (T802)</li>

<li>String-based JSON (T803)</li>

<li>Hex integer literals in SQL/JSON path language (T840)</li>

<li>SQL/JSON simplified accessor (T860–T864)</li>

<li>SQL/JSON item methods (T865–T878)</li>

<li>JSON comparison (T879–T882)</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Various smaller changes to the existing SQL language (all optional features):

<ul><li>UNIQUE null treatment (F292)</li>

<li>ORDER BY in grouped table (F868)</li>

<li>GREATEST and LEAST (T054)</li>

<li>String padding functions (T055)</li>

<li>Multi-character TRIM function (T056)</li>

<li>Optional string types maximum length (T081)</li>

<li>Enhanced cycle mark values (T133)</li>

<li>ANY_VALUE (T626)</li>

<li><a href="Thousands_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousands separator">Underscores</a> in numeric literals (T662)</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_Graph_Queries_(SQL/PGQ)">Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)</h3></div>

<p><a href="SQL/PGQ_Property_Graph_Query" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/PGQ Property Graph Query">SQL/PGQ</a> reduces the difference in functionality between relational DBMSs and native graph DBMSs. Basically, this new feature makes it easier to query data in tables as if it were in a <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a>, providing a possibly more intuitive alternative to writing complex join queries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisentraut2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisentraut2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In comparison, the <a href="Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">GQL</a> standard for graph DBMSs adds graph updates, querying multiple graphs, and queries that return a graph result rather than a binding table.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Structured Query Language">Structured Query Language</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Graph_Query_Language#SQL/PGQ_Property_Graph_Query" title="Graph Query Language">SQL/PGQ Property Graph Query</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_SQL_reserved_words" title="List of SQL reserved words"> SQL:2023 reserved words</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEisentraut2023" class="citation web cs1">Eisentraut, Peter (4 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peter.eisentraut.org/blog/2023/04/04/sql-2023-is-finished-here-is-whats-new">"SQL:2023 is finished: Here is what's new"</a> (World wide web log)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/79473.html">"Database languages SQL — Part 16: Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)"</a>. <i>ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023 Information technology</i>. ISO. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602210744/https://stackdiary.com/sql-2023-is-released/">"SQL: 2023 is Released – A Leap Forward in Data Management"</a>. <i>Stack diary</i>. 1 June 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackdiary.com/sql-2023-is-released/">the original</a> on 2023-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisentraut2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisentraut2023_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisentraut2023">Eisentraut 2023</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFten_WoldeSinghSzárnyasBoncz2023" class="citation journal cs1">ten Wolde, Daniel; Singh, Tavneet; Szárnyas, Gábor; Boncz, Peter (8 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/32773">"DuckPGQ: Efficient property graph queries in an analytical RDBMS"</a>. <i>IR</i>. NL: CWI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2">"SQL:2023", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html"><i>Catalogue</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(webshop)</span>, ISO</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">"ISO Standards Maintenance Portal", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.iso.org/iso-iec/9075"><i>Digital artifacts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(freely downloadable files)</span>, ISO</cite>.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SQL70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SQL70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a></li>

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SQL_reserved_words" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL reserved words">Keywords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></span></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Having_(SQL)" title="Having (SQL)">Having</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL)">Merge</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Order_by" title="Order by">Order by</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Prepare_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepare (SQL)">Prepare</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">Select</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Truncate_(SQL)" title="Truncate (SQL)">Truncate</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">Union</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update</a></span></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Framework</li>

<li>Foundation</li>

<li><a href="SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">Persistent Stored Modules</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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